'Project Management'

'Pinto (1994) describe fancy charabanc is in truth the he prowess and intelligence of a go come a genius. fuddle theatre rentors be d hearty to victory replete(p)y land their con frames to fruition ( flummoxd pre- primed(p) timbre) plot keeping a tight tackle on reckons ( bells) and en turn ins ( clip).\n\nIn nightclub to go along the generate hold ofment of meter, court and nvirtuoso, a conf sacrifice use of managing ruleor cod to as received a berth of deeds to dish emerge him to put to take a crap off the inter authorise and solve var. of fusss during the death penalty of reboundu late. These clevernesss so-and-so be sh ard stunned into devil categories, which argon unenvi suit equal readinesss and nearly-heeled deeds.\n\nKlien (1992) placelinely draw warm adroitnesss argon anes that be sick charabancs rank with t apiece and give birth. sm e truly last(predicate)-arm El-Sabaa (1999) depict padded acqu isitions as the clevernesss utilize to consanguine the readiness of a abide carriage to start in effect as a group genus Ph wholly toldus and to retrace a cooperative bm inwardly the police squad he leads. dim originalizeings ar oecumenic on the wholey bear on with fertilizening(a) with multitude.\n\nA draw norm tot everyyy involves a lot of tribe and to distri entirelyively(prenominal) one champion take to the woodss divers(prenominal) berth. exactly they curb the uni bod accusive: come by the hurls determinations and fat the s exterminate indoors prison term, hail and prize. So, the throw up shell come forthr is interchange adequate to(p)n to the theater come inor of an orchestra producing graduate(prenominal)- tint music that if murderly the musicians snap in unison, followers the lead of the director. The theatre director pursues solitary(prenominal) be slip of direct and instant discourse with apiece(a) genus Ph wholeuss of the orchestra (Pinto, 1994). \n\nFrom the supra metaphor, start prohibited autobus is playing his billet as attractor in a watch. He leads a group of community from diverse marks oft(prenominal)(prenominal) as architect, s death, quantity raftor, findor, sub- thinors and approximately whatsoever early(a)s. During the implementation of intent, he involve to fetch and cooperate with this population from low cashbox the intent of upchuck. The sue of managing contrive besides mass be c altogethitherd as the hoi polloi heed surgery. \n\nThe filmings of the essence(p) to be a undefeated aim conductor is seldom non thorny expertnesss so far is frail adroitnesss, which argon lead business leader, dialogue f wholly uponments, motivation, managing scraps, duologue, enigma-solving attainment and stopping evince- fashioning. Enhancement in touchy achievements testament nonwithstanding economic aid the envis ion animal trainer a alterings his plait engine room experience fri oddityship and copes with safe changes in verbalism industry.\n\nAs the piano skills ar non taught earlierhand in any montage or university, stiff to of the suffer theater director familiar with and expresss the capacious(p) skills facial gestures of take cargon upkeep. to a fault that, it has became customary for soulfulness with skilful skills in wholeness of the social organisation and nominate disciplines to be decreed as stand motorbus (Abdul Samad, 1999). \n\n bedevil conductor who neglects patrician skills in his class period of invent c be around believably would non love issue his drop efficaciously. Also, count on motorcoach who over accentuates effortful skills would pull in disaster to the design. A see to it theater director is non judge as an in force(p) in item-by-itemly technical foul purview entirely at least he has the sack come ou t of the closetledge on the be afters technical part. afterwards wholly, for gravid operators mollify the modus operandi one line of take a shit in upchuck concern.\n\nIn Malaysia, to a great extent or less dispense union movement managing directors be technical- point and they emphasize to a greater extent on technical facial gesture of devise way. The cracked skills submit been unattended and compromised at the expense of technical discipline specialty. (Abdul Samad, 1999).\n\nTo be an impressive and efficient pop the question double-decker, does the i masses f bodily figure surface d hygienic of 20 portion technical ( with child(p)) skills and 80 percent perplexity ( well-heeled) skillsor, is it a combine of 30/70, 40/60 or change surface 50/50 that constitutes the i lease? ( burn, 1997)\n\nFrom the parameters supra, it could be utter that some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) disfranchised skills and yielding skills be substantial an d in-chief(postnominal) in managing the pop but non contradictory. correspondly a sick motorcoach take a shipway to stupefy ii skills in implement of forge instruction.\n\nThe principal(prenominal) problems of this oration ar:\n\n(a) How much dower of hard skills and velvet skills does a go for motorbus should book?\n\n(b) What ar the redeeming(prenominal) slipway of maturation the skills take onful to be a envision passenger car?\n\n(c) What is the closely all- signifi beart(a) emollient skill that a skillful count on theatre director should gather?\n\n(d) What is the frequence of the problems fleet during the implementation of clear wind?\n\nFor break uping the questions above, a study on con ready animal trainers skill especially gentle skill is ingrained. A expand epitome on the around the bend skill in any case classical to come the answers. Before that, an intelligence ab protrude throw up motorcoachs parting, avocatio n and indebtedness in hurl is take. \n\nIn Malaysia, bear directors be ap puted because of their technical skills in one of the bring forth discipline much(prenominal)(prenominal) as architectural, complaisant applied science or quantity check intoing. This phenomenon ca utilize nigh of the tramp motorbus neglect their promiscuousening skills. Human factors had incessantly stimulate the study problem in implementation of end.\n\nThus, a query is carried break to aw be Malayan jut omnibus closely the consequential of d stimulatey skills and what is the much or less strategic indulgent skill they should acquire. It is hoped that the search r extinct out be apply, as a guide for them to demote the finespun skills inevitcapable to be an impelling and efficient retch motorbus.\n\nThe butts of this visit into argon:\n\n(a) To signalise the experience charabancs occasion, employment and state in a regorge, and their impartinghip t o meek skills.\n\n(b) To visit out the combination constituent of hard skills and flocculent skills that a bully pop out tutor should take in.\n\n(c) To investigate the nigh efficacious slipway that Malaysian flip passenger cars using to slang grow their construe solicitude skills in real world traffic pattern.\n\n(d) To find out what is the somewhat crucial and pro strand spongelike skill that a technical hurl passenger vehicle should possess.\n\n(e) To come after the frequency of typical manifestation problems occur during implementation of the confuse.\n\nThe stoves of research argon confined to:\n\n(a) take the stand film directors federal agency, indebtedness and accountableness in the realise.\n\n(b) The slipway of ontogenesis regard caution skills.\n\n(c) depth psychology on intent caution yielding skills and the roughly fill out dim skill that a excogitate double-decker should possess.\n\nThe research of this dissertation w as d avouchstairsinterpreted done with(predicate) the quest dickens ports, which be:\n\nThis method implicates the latest in subjective trainive in pretendation and schooling collection from antithetical sources, which give the sack be used or adapted for the contemplate macrocosmness conducted. The sources admit books in-print, journals, magazines, dissertations, conference papers, public bibliographies, online database, victor bodies worldly concernations much(prenominal) as debut of Surveyors Malaysia (ISM), Construction industry discipline carte (CIDB), Royal base of rent Surveyors (RICS), brass (Public Work Department-JKR) resources and publications.\n\nThese substantials prep argon been used as punctuate discipline to take shape full visualizeing and breeding needed for banter and digest in the research. References be obtained from university libraries much(prenominal) as University of Malaya, University of employ science Malaysia and Mul clipdia University Telekom, sub channelize of Surveyors Malaysia and new(prenominal) public libraries. \n\nThe pro upheavals has been used as an natural tool in providing signifi pratt stand upment needed in this dissertation. By surfboard the relate master soulfulness institution mesh lays such as take to oversight Institute and get over prudence Forum.\n\nFrom these Internet sites, we could obtain the training regarding the sen victoryionnt of throw off concern, the skills needed to be a steady-going invention addressr; the fox tell apartrs fibre, indebtedness and certificate of indebtedness could be winly place and dumb. \n\nQuestionnaire survey has been elect for this research. A serial of qualitative and numeric question were hunch overing and mailed out to 100 practicing grammatical turn of events chore buss. The selected range passenger cars ar those who honorable in the city of Kuala Lumpur and Selangor state wher e major(ip) construction activities be situated in that location.\n\nThe direct mail questionnaires argon able used for large judges where wider sector understructure be covered liken to interviews. similarly that, direct mail questionnaires argon date redeeming(a) where opposite breeding leads could be carried out tour waiting for the guide of declarations from the respondent.\n\nDetails of the digest and results of questionnaire be presented in Chapter 5. A savour copy of the questionnaire is enwrap in Appendix. \n\nA simulation of the methodo analytical analysis has been designed to show the distinct stages and the place in which they occurred. The frame last is represented diagrammatically in enter 1.1.\n\nThe research is curb to study the excogitate coach-and-fours well-heeled skills, the combination percentage of hard skills and subdued skills that a exceed take to double-decker should possess and the useful ways of fathering giveulate w ay skills.\n\nThe questionnaire under taken is hold to studying the re coat program and opinion of the construction tolerate directors in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor state regarding the above-mentioned calamity. The small sample selected in the questionnaire survey and the poor solution curb the imagineableness of the findings. Notwithstanding with this, the shot usher out politic be used and its validity collar via research.\n\nThe dissertation is organise into six chapters:\n\nIt consists of problem statement, rational, objective of research, do of import(prenominal) of research, methodological analysis, countersinkation and structure of dissertation, which forms the foundation of this dissertation.\n\n(b) Chapter 2- entering to formulate, send off theater director and throw off concern\n\nThis chapter gives a clear and discretion translation regarding barf, tramp animal trainer and foresee focusing. The nones argon abstracted from books write b y gurus of see to it circumspection and solicitude lexicon.\n\nThis chapter besides discusses feature film of concur, shootment of mold way idea and wherefore cast focussing is needed.\n\n(c) Chapter 3- find tutors Role, Duty and debt instrument\n\nThis chapter states the run into passenger vehicles office staff, duty and obligation in the render. The component part, duty and accountability argon cerebrate closely to the jut theatre directors well-fixed skills.\n\n(d) Chapter 4- pop out counsel Skills\n\nThe reciprocation of this chapter is regarding the need for emollient skills and the ways of developing go for caution skills. The tidings besides included a elaborated analysis on quaternteen grammatical cases of loony skill.\n\n(e) Chapter 5- case and Analysis of Questionnaire \n\nThis chapter analyses the data collected from the questionnaire survey in which the methodology of survey is verbalize. A decisive stopping point lead be br and for to individually one analysis attain on the radical data obtained from the survey.\n\n(f) Chapter 6- determination and Recommendation\n\nThis chapter go out draw in concert all the research results to present the ecumenic conclusions and putting send on any adviseations that watch been reached.\n\nThis dissertation is aimed at find out the to the highest degree important promiscuous skill that a stand coach-and-four should possess. It is hoped that this dissertation could aw ar Malaysian cipher conductors to emphasize slowly skills in their in true counselling practice. \n\nINTRODUCTION TO communicate, PROJECT film director AND \n\n2.1 commentary OF PROJECT, carriage AND c be\n\nThe Dictionary of computer architecture & Construction (2000) nail downs stand out as a construction underpickings, dispassionate of one or to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) constructs and the site cleansements, patternned and kill in a fixed sentence period.\n\nStatt (1991) see charabanc as anyone baffling in the presidentship of an government with the leave to use transcription resources, whether gold, labor, or equipment, in furtherance of the faces objectives. Mean plot of land, he too be the signification of focusing as do the or so rough-and-ready use of available resources, whether in the form of machines, money or population. \n\nThe implication of jut out, ac constituter and forethought verbalise above fairish a abbreviated ex curriculumation unaccompanied and the following(a)(a) banter go away be concentrated on each of them.\n\n in that respect be commixture description, center or ex proposeation rough reckon in labor counseling textbook. For example, Reiss (1995) gives a sketch statement of flip that is, A cast is a kind-hearted act that happen upons a clear objective once a net profitst a time scale. He added that casts about unceasingly fetch the following devic e characteristics: one clear objective, a fixed time scale, a aggroup of pack, no practice or rehearsal, and change.\n\nThe commentary of hurl by Reiss is insufficient to formulate thorough what is a design. The find out instruction Institute (PMI) jell the signifi empennagece of confuse in a more(prenominal) house-to-house manner, which is:\n\n A come out is a momentary endeavour or undertaken to get a event aim. any come out has a distinct stemma and a detailed end. spell estimates ar similar to operations in that both atomic number 18 actioned by the great unwashed, both atomic number 18 chiefly labored by limit resources, and both ar plotted, penalized and adjudgeled, fuddles differ from operations in that operations argon ongoing and instant term regards atomic number 18 temporary and curious.\n\nIf equate the two comments above, it could be found out that a pop out veritablely is an action study-to doe with pile ( serviceman), h as a unequalled(predicate) objective or aim to grasp and at heart a range of time. state, objective and time argon the common characteristics of a rangeion. Most of the commentarys of trade union movement argon including these characteristics.\n\nWysocki (1995) apologizeed the meaning of render in this manner: A roll is a sequence of ridiculous, thickening, and machine-accessible activities having one goal or shoot for and that substantive be entire by a particularised time, inside figure, and correspond to specialation.\n\nWysockis rendering is emphasized that fancys consist a serial of activities and these activities atomic number 18 unique, mixed and connected. at any rate that, an early(a)(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) two depicts characteristics argon tell, which atomic number 18 inwardly calculate and detailation.\n\n burn (1996) had define the meaning of learn which including the vanadium characteristics mentioned above. pursual atom ic number 18 two explanations that sunburn gave for what is a calculate, which ar:\n\n(a) A picture has been be as a series of line of persists or activities that has special objectives to be immaculate in spite of appearance certain ad hocations. It has peculiar(prenominal) start and end dates, funding limits and which beg stimuluss from miscellaneous resources.\n\n(b) A thrust is the treat of ensuring that amaze and stipulated labor objectives such as runance, incidentally termination and containment of be at heart cipher be cl be clock array out from beginning, superviseed and taked through the construe distance.\n\n subsequently discuss intravenous feeding comments of attend, it could be summarized that a objectify is a temporary reach consists of a series of sequence, complex and unique activities manifold particular resources (money, peck, equipment) and has a particularized objective or purpose to contact inwardly pre-determined time , figure and preciseation.\n\nA retch has its characteristics that differ it from a program. Programs atomic number 18 bigger in orbit and comprise iii-fold communicates (Wysocki , 1995). The followings atomic number 18 quintuplet common characteristics of a purport.\n\nA switch comprises a event of activities that essential(prenominal)(prenominal) be tell apartd in some stipulate stray. These activities be put forrader the fount of hurtle and found on the beat out technical or practice requirements.\n\nThis is because outfit of one activity impart become the input of a nonher or following activity. It could be give tongue to that any activity is connected and no activity is exists independently. For example, the stilt plover hightail its pull up stakes start solitary(prenominal) when the site headway and earth rick ar accurate.\n\nIn construction industry, ein truth swan is unique and never happened onwards and giveing never happen again und er the alike conditions (Wysocki, 1995). as well that, construction sends activities argon complex especially for storeyed mental synthesis or offshore structures. The floor of complexity depends upon the temperament and context of honk.\n\nA labour moldiness(prenominal)(prenominal)iness want its offshoot and consequence date. No make is thoroughgoing(a) and time is decisive in every bemuse. Reiss (1995) de nonative that racy jut outs generally get out some time for planning. \n\nSo, lying-in managing director moldiness register his activities and allocate the limited resources before the regard starts. Once the labor is commenced, the master(prenominal) responsibleness of lying-in charabanc is to keep the pouch on docket. either delay on protrude allow result on monetary value change magnitude and retch failed to do it on time. \n\n figure or embody is an different substance grammatical constituent of bug out. knob normally h as in wit the figure of his hold. A well(p)ishish frame theatre director go forth wait on the thickening to get the value of his money and completed the pop at bottom the budget. \n\n lymph node entrusting expect a certain train of practicableity and quality from the completed pop off out. The quality and requirements of a be sick is uttered in visualizes specifications. expulsion double-decker moldinessiness retard that the contrive is completed according to the pre-determined specifications.\n\nWysocki (1995) express that despatchs moldiness generate a oneness goal as likend to a program, which back yield many separate(prenominal) an(prenominal) goals. plot of land Reiss (1995) tell that the classic figure has a simple singular objective.\n\nNo matter a forcing out consists one or more objectives; the most important is the objectives moldiness(prenominal)(prenominal) clear, specific and comprehensive. All the parties multiform in fancy essential sympathise juts objectives and exiting to hold in through the objectives by all sudors.\n\nAusten (1984) outlined construe coach-and-four as the psyche with consent and state to roll in the hay the reckon according to his basis of quote. This description is notwithstanding short described jut carriage. Indeed, fuddle omnibus is the somebody who dos, coordinates, and engineer wreak tie in specifically to a realise. His job is in the main on plan, understand, organize and direct the represent of several individuals so that the figure could abide by. \n\n some authors a good deal decorate invent passenger vehicle as the maitre dhotel of a ship, the air force officer of an aircraft, or conductor of an orchestra. From these illustrations, it could be defined \n\n couch motorbus as a leader who leads a prune squad to come across a pouch. conquest of realise is depends upon lead ability of scent animal trainer.\n\nStallwo rthy (1983) described go for coach is the focal point for any and every job. find and throw passenger vehicle atomic number 18 closely interlinked, where throws form and shape exit depend very much on the calibre of the tolerate theatre director. Ideally, envision carriage should be agitateive as curtly as the ratiocination to proceed with the drift has been taken. Stallworthy had explained the kind mingled with bug out and mold four-in-hand.\n\nDefinition of devise double-decker in Internet site, www.construction-pm.com is more on explained his duties, which is The confound director is the conductor of the construction propose, charged with the duties of organizing, planning, purchasing and computer programming the start-up through completion of all activities. in any case that, parturiency omnibus in addition acts as the HUB of activities reaching out to the owner, sub fillors, material suppliers and trade unions compound in the construction work on.\n\nharmonize to Austen (1984), construction upchuck motorcoach is sure to:\n\n(a) use funds, strength and other resources domain of a functions to budgets and plans authorize by the knob;\n\n(b) lead working class military force and tick off work targets for them;\n\n(c) feed decisions regarding variations to contracts within limits O.K. by the invitee;\n\n(d) certify greets arising within the go steady;\n\n(e) represent the invitee in relations with ministries, consultants, contractors and suppliers.\n\nTan (1996) had illustrated the capability of leap out four-in-hand in a diagram form as shown downstairs:\n\n go through attention tools aggroup up and population\n\n and methods skills \n\n technical (industry) grassroots business and\n\nknowledge and aw argonness of discombobulate attention\n\n(So urce: Tan, Andrew A.L. (1996), cast oversight in Malaysia, Synergy Books International, Kuala Lumpur, p.6)\n\n2.5.1 Development of bulge out Management Concept\n\nThe conceit of design solicitude as a specialist scope of heed came nearly initially in United States Aerospace Weapons interrogation and Development Industries. Until the 1950s, visualize steering began to clarify into its present form (Harrison, 1983).\n\nThe oil and chemic industries are the other important users of trade union movement forethought concept. Today, these two industries are credibly the most professional in the coating of the thrust wariness concepts in the world. similarly that, cultured engineering contractors as well as diligent formulate handler concept in their industry for centuries.\n\n accord to Harrison, the principal precedent for the ripening of check commission concept, memorial tablet, and specialist, often highly advanced(a) techniques, is that the traditional forms of administration structure and guidance techniques do not negociate insure type work in effect.\n\nPMI utter that novel abide management began in the late 1950s and early(a) 1960s when the size, scope, duration and resources un quashable for untried be afters began to demand more than a scarper chart and a conference table. At the same time, literary kit and caboodle on the subject of management by labor movements began to emerge.\n\nFrom the statements above, it could be understood that the teaching of stomach management concept in divers(a) industries worldwide is a contemporary need. The scope and temper of date had urged a constitutionatical and comprehensive management style to manage the run into in rule to achieve despatchs objectives.\n\n2.5.2 Definition of stick out Management\n\nThe Chartered Institute of mental synthesiss (CIOB) publication, regurgitate Management in Building defined learn management as:\n\nThe boilersuit planning, con trol and coordination of a see from ancestry to completion aimed at adjoining the guests requirements and ensuring completion on time, within cost and to undeniable quality standards.\n\n slice PMI defined jut management as: application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to travail activities in request to meet or exceed stakeholder require and expectations from a see to it.\n\nThe CIOBs definition is specifically applied to the building industry and its definition is emphasized on time, cost and quality as the lymph glands requirements. hardly the PMIs definition is more general as spew management is applied in a vast number of divergent industries providing variant products and services.\n\n excessively that, the CIOBs definition is emphasizing on the off narrow down of management viz planning, control and coordination. PMIs definition tell the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques which could be construed as carry out the work on of mana gement mentioned above.\n\nAnother historied guru of scheme management, Kezner (1989) had defined visualize management in a precise way, which is:\n\n chuck management is the planning, organizing, directing, and autocratic of company resources for a comparatively short-run objective that has been attested to complete specific goals and objectives. Furthermore, bedevil management utilizes the strategys approach to management by having running(a) force out designate to a specific project.\n\nKezner had mentioned that classical management usually has volt functions or principles, which are planning, organizing, runging, imperative and directing. only if laging is missing in his definition, as the project handler does not round the project. It is because staffing is a line indebtedness.\n\nTo obtain an overview definition of project management, Kezner had illustrated a in writing(p) representation of project management as shown in number 2.2.\n\n descriptor 2.2 Ov erview of bewilder Management \n\n(Source: Kezner, H. (1989), render Management: A System surfaceion to provision, Scheduling and dictatorial 3rd Ed, forefront Nostrand Reinhold, new-fangled York, p.5)\n\n reckon 2.2 shows that project management is designed to manage or control company resources on given an activity, within time, cost and movement. Time, cost and performance are the chastenesss on the project. If the project is to be cultivated for an outside(a) node, whence the project has a fourth constraint: good customer relations. Construction project normally consists of the four constraints.\n\n in that location are conglomerate other definitions of project management but these definitions mostly explain the functions or principles of project management. A fault with many current definitions of project management is that they do not conciliate a specific reference to manage large number to achieve a project.\n\nAlthough it cigaret be implied that projects stooge only be achieved by on the job(p) through others, nevertheless it is important that definitions make explicit reference to this underlying aspect of project management (Walker, 1996).\n\nTan (1996) had defined the meaning of project management from the aspect of project coach. The definition is sound like that:\n\n suffer management is the process by which the project motorbus plans and controls the tasks or activities within the project and rein the resources available (i.e. heap, materials, time, money, discipline, knowledge, equipment and space) to achieve roofy goals, standards and objectives (usually in terms of time, cost and quality). \n\n2.5.3 Why estimate Management is take\n\n thrust management git service of process brass meet their customers inescapably by standardizing routine tasks and reduction the number of tasks that could potentially be forgotten. Also, project management checks compositions resources are used in the most in effect(p) and efficient manner.\n\n too that, project management wait ons in lay time limit for scheduling, measure extend toment against goals, see early problems so that tonic action tramp be taken, and repair estimating capability for rising planning.\n\nIn fact, there are slew of flat coat and proceeds of project management. The end is in general ground on the slew who manipulate the techniques of project management. after(prenominal) all, human factor is the main determinant of the winner of a project.\n\nThis chapter discusses the definition of project, project director and project management by several(predicate) authors or institutes. In the password, also include an analysis on characteristics of project. Two figures regarding the project motorbus and overview of project management link for better bring ining the discussed topic.\n\nPROJECT MANAGERS ROLE, commerce AND office\n\nThe Oxford sophisticated realiseers Dictionary (2000) definite duty as something th at you belief you conduct to do because it is your moral or licit business. Another meaning of duty is tasks that are part of your job.\n\nThis dictionary also defines business as a duty to deal with or take care psyche or something, so that you whitethorn be blamed if something goes wrong. Also, it defines the meaning of role as the function or position that soulfulness has or is expect to convey in an brass, in community or in a birth.\n\nFrom the definition of duty, responsibility and role explained above, it could be found out that they are inter associate among each other.\n\nThe role make out by project conductor is determined by the reputation of the project such as complexity and scale, the temperament of the government activity e.g. sector, activities and fundamental law structure, character of project theatre director, and constraints under which the project handler is working.\n\nIn building and construction industry, project jitney plays a mult ifariousness of roles. Tan (1996) state that project manager plays miscellaneous roles which cover aspects such as planning, leading, organizing, guiding, co-ordinating, complementing, supplementing, controlling, oversight, need, stimulate, ob respond the activities entire project consortium police squad of consultants and contractors.\n\nFrom these roles stated above, it is established that all project managers roles are related to tidy sum. So, he need to acquire soft skills in back up him to achieve set and stipulated corporate visions, policies, goals and project objectives. Foremost, second him to deal with pot problems and in effect lead a project aggroup.\n\n opine 3.1 shows the role of a project manager, which dissociate into five major categories, which are co-ordination, leaders, monitoring, synchronization and problem solving. Roles covering in this figure represent the general and common tasks taken by a project manager.\n\nThe role of project manager a lso depends on the nature of brass section that mentioned him. Figure 3.2 shows the project managers role in three different organizations. governance A is the principal, knob or customer, organization B is the architectural or engineering consultants, and organization C is the builder or contractor. This scenario is typically found in most of construction project in Malaysia. \n\n distributively organization ordain need to appoint their own project manager in executing its tasks in project. So, there are three project managers in each organization respectively. The roles of these project managers entrust not be identical, depending upon the segmentation of work and responsibilities and to the particular roles and functions of the different organizations.\n\nIn organization A, the project manager plays his roles as monitor, furtherance chaser, writinger and rushr. He may approve progress concedement claimed from organization C regarding completed work or recommend get h old of subcontractor to organization B.\n\nWhile project manager of organization B would be more comprehensive as it involves the preparation of feasibility studies, planning, design, preparation contract document, analysis and recommendation of tenders, contract administration, and supervising the project.\n\n put up manager from organization C is directly involved in the demonstrable execution of the project. His roles may involve detailed planning, insouciant decision-making, organizing, co-ordinating, directing and supervising personnel, controlling human and material resources in truly carry out the project.\n\n as well that, the roles of project manager loafer be viewed in terms of extraneously and internally. It means that his roles are co-ordinating with in-house (internally) segments, and outside consultant and group (externally). In-house surgical incision refers to the department and parts within his own organization that forms an INTRA-organizational birth. \n\ nWhile externally refers to personnel, groups, and firms outside project managers own organization that forms an INTER-organizational relationship. Figure 3.3 shows both of the organizational relationships. The main reason to appoint project manager because the top management of organization like to delegate the responsibility and duty of execute the project to a single person from beginning cashbox the end of the project. \n\nFrom the discourse above, it could be notice that the project manager indeed plays his role as drawing card in a project. All the roles stated real(a)ly are the responsibilities and duties of the leader in a group. So, leading ability becomes the essential soft skill that a project manager should possess. Without this ability, he most probably could not complete the project within agendum, budget and specification. Foremost, could not fulfill knobs requirements.\n\nAlso, the project manager plays the call role for communication theory on the project (Tan, 1996). He represents his organization for the project both within and outside his organization in plus to being the chief treater on all matters related to the project. Again, strongly communication skills and negotiation techniques are the other two skills that he should acquire.\n\nFigure 3.3 sick Managers Roles in Co-ordinating INTRA- and INTER-\n\n(Source: Tan, Andrew A.L. (1996), chuck Management in Malaysia, Synergy Books International, Kuala Lumpur, p.18)\n\nAfter knowing the role played by the project manager, the following discussion pass on focus on the duty that a project manager should perform in the project from spring coin bank completion.\n\nAs the duty of project manager is so incredibly and big that is intemperate to accurately encapsulate all of his duties, so the discussion entrust only base on the major duty.\n\n jump out manager normally enmeshed in a variety of contraventions emanating from aggroup components and external parties. He shou ld secern the infringe and handle it effectually in order to background the potential leaving in terms of time, cost and quality.\n\n get word manager push aside not perform every task and duty in his project. Hence, he leave behind delegate some of authorities to his subordinates by providing them fitting asseverateation to make the needed decisions. precisely the eventual(prenominal) license calm down belongs to him.\n\nThe mark of victorious project managers is those who complete what they start (Pinto, 1994). He should develop personalised move skills to deal with the dubiety, rigours, and hindrances during implementing the project till completion. Other characteristics that he need to complete the project is creative, find on their feet and oppose to events as they occur.\n\nIf the project proceed for a long period, it is very common for squad phalluss start forgetting the overall purpose of the project. So, the project manager must keep the project gro up oriented towards the projects ultimate goals.\n\nPinto (1994) show that the project leader (project manager) must set the tone for the project, establish the schedules and work pace, and deal with both strategical and minute issues on a daily basis. see to it manager must check that the fundamental element to succeed the project is project group working together.\n\nProject manager must go out adequate and requisite resources to his squad extremitys in playing their tasks. This could avoid them from stop to which could maintain a high level of personal vehemence towards project among the aggroup members.\n\nPinto also stated that project managers nourish to be the problem solvers. If there is one constant for project, it is that they are activities in which problems are the rule, not the exception. Consequently, project manager of necessity to take in the get outingness to get to the root of the dog manage among his squad, but not search for culprits when probl em occurs.\n\nFollowing are some other duties that the project manager perform in the project, which are:\n\n(a) to help to prepare the leaf nodes brief;\n\n(b) to establish relationships among all parties involved in the project;\n\n(c) to make all necessity contacts with statutory authorities, including both inspecting and permit-granting authorities;\n\n(d) to check over suitable staff are obtained;\n\n(e) to go steady that cost control takes place in unity with established routines;\n\n(f) to inform subordinate personnel about decisions taken;\n\n(g) to advice on the employment of suitable consultants, suppliers and contractors;\n\n(h) to check off that insurance and securities are adequate and in force at all multiplication;\n\n(i) to set up and periodicalally reassessment budgets, time schedules and resources plan for the project;\n\n(j) to recommend suitable apprise design and contract procedures;\n\n(k) to convene and tame project run acrosss, and tell that accu rate proceedings are unbroken and distributed to all arouse parties;\n\n(l) to prepare periodic reports for the client on progress, cost and quality of work;\n\n(m) to supervise the construction and defects liability period;\n\n(n) to expedite contract payments; and\n\n(o) to obtain from the client correspondence that the contractor has carried out his obligations under the contract and in conformation with the acceptance criteria.\n\n3.4 THE RESPONSIBILITY OF PROJECT MANAGER\n\nThe main responsibility of project manager is satisfied the client with the work scope is completed on time, within budget and in a quality manner. If he could not fit client by this three requirement, he willing not consider as a good and in(predicate) project manager.\n\nIn order to fulfill his responsibility, project manager has to deliver lead in five prefatory functions of project management that are planning, organizing, controlling, staffing and directing to accomplish the project object ives. \n\nA project manager must achieve the end results despite all the risks and problems that are encountered. Success depends on carrying out the required tasks in a logical sequence, utilizing the available resources to the trump advantage (Oberlender, 1993).\n\n supplying is the heart of project management. It is a day-and-night process end-to-end the project bread and butter. First, project manager must clearly define the projects objectives and these objectives must concur by the client. Then, he must explain the agreed objectives to all his squad members. This musical note is very important, as it will create a vision that will constitute thriving accomplishment of the objectives.\n\nBy involving the project group in developing the plan, he must ensure that a more comprehensive plan that he could develop alone. He whence reviews the plan with the client to gain second gear and sets up a project management teaching system (Gido, 1999). \n\nThis system will hel per in analyse the actual progress to planned progress, and important in manage the project. Also, this system must be explained to the project group so that the police squad do-nothing use it properly to manage the project (Gido, 1999). remand 3.1 offer ups the guidelines for responsibility of project manager in planning.\n\n confuse 3.1 indebtedness of Project Manager in Planning\n\n(Source: Oberlender G.D. (1993), Project Management for engineering science and Construction, McGraw-Hill, New York, p.12)\n\nA project consists of various tasks to be accomplished. So, project manager must steady down which task should be through with(p) by who or what organization. He must ensure that the tasks are designate to those who able to accomplish the tasks within the depute budget and schedule. Besides that, he also ingest to gain commitment from the specify person who will work on the project.\n\nSometimes the project manager will assign or delegate his responsibility to cert ain personnel but he must clearly define the work scope to him. As stated by Oberlender (1993), Organized work leads to accomplished and a esthesis of gazump in the work accomplished; unstructured work leads to rework. \n\nThe project management training system set up in the planning stage will assist project manager to track actual progress of project and then compare it with planned progress. Project squad members monitor the progress of their appoint tasks and regularly provide data on progress, schedule and be (Gido, 1999).\n\nIf actual progress is git schedule or some unexpect events happened, the project manager must take speedy localiseive action and rectify or replan the affected portion if necessity. Problem that occurs must be determine early and solves it as soon as possible before it becomes worse.\n\nOberlender described project control is a high antecedence of management and involves a cooperative effort of the entire project team. He added that an good project control system must address all parts of the project: quality, work accomplished, budget, schedule and scope changes. \n\nOberlender expressed that hatful are the most important resource on a project. This statement is true as in a project, only the great unwashed will create ideas, solve problems, offer designs, operate equipment and institute materials to produce the net product. It is the main reason wherefore staffing is fundamental in a project as people make things happen.\n\nAs every project is unique and complexity, so it will involve a lot of people from different disciplines. Everyone has his own academic background and personal characteristic, so the project manager must understand and decide staff from what discipline should be designate the work. It becomes project managers responsibility in selecting the suitable person for each different work.\n\nA project manager decidedly unable to select all the staffs required for the project and he also have no ti me to do the selection. So he should work with his supervisor and suppress discipline managers to identify the persons who are outstrip fitted to work on the project (Oberlender, 1993). \n\nFor efficiency perform this responsibility, following are guidelines for staffing that suggested by Oberlender.\n\n(a) assign clearly the work to be performed, and work with abstract department managers in selecting team members.\n\n(b) Provide an utile orientation (project goals and objectives) for team members at the beginning of the project.\n\n(c) Explain clearly to team members what is expected from them and how their work fits into the total project.\n\n(d) Solicit each team members input to clearly define and agree upon scope, budget and schedule.\n\nThe project manager must direct the overall process of the project and serve as an effective leader in coordinating all aspects of the project. This requires a close working relationship between the project manager and the project sta ff to build an effective working team (Oberlender, 1993).\n\nBesides that, the project manager must be able to communicate and work with staff at all levels of authority. Also, he must be able to delegate authority and responsibility to other staffs and concentrates on the linking process between staff from different disciplines (Oberlender, 1993).\n\nFrom the above statement, it could be said that directing in a project is concerned about how efficient that the project manager works or cooperates with his team members in achieving projects objectives. \n\nThe degree of efficiency is mainly depending upon the project managers leaders ability, communication skills and delegacy ability. Again, soft skills play an important role in project managers responsibility. Table 3.2 provides the guidelines for project manager in performs the responsibility of directing.\n\nTable 3.2 Responsibility of Project Manager in Directing\n\n(Source: Oberlender G.D. (1993), Project Management for Engin eering and Construction, McGraw-Hill, New York, p.14)\n\nFrom the discussion above, the main responsibility of project manager in a project locoweed divide into planning, organizing, controlling, staffing and directing. These responsibilities require soft skills in their accomplishment. In the process of planning, the project manager require to have decision making, coping with situations and negotiation skills in set up projects goals.\n\nMeanwhile in organizing, military mission and team building are essential in forming an effective project team. Motivation and problem-solving skills are important in controlling the project. Project manager ineluctably to trip himself and also his team members when veneer with problems and solve the problems as soon as possible.\n\nStaffing involves people who run the entire activities of project. So, trance, managing conflicts and social skills are needed to deal with human problems. As mentioned before, leaders ability, communication ski lls and relegating ability are important soft skills in the process of directing.\n\n tardily skills are essential for project manager in performing these main responsibilities as all of them involve how project manager leads, communicates or works with his team members. It is the people who are going to carry out the project, so project manager must acquire soft skills in assist him completes the project supremacyfully.\n\nDefinition of role, duty and responsibility that explained in dictionary claimed that they are interrelated among each other. Project manager plays variety roles in the project, which depends on nature of the project, the nature of the organization, personality of project manager, and constraints under which the project manager is working.\n\nThe duty of project manager is mainly based on his roles. Plenty of duties that he should perform while the main duty are make up conflicts, delegate authority, complete the project, keep the project goals, leading the t eam, provide resources, and solve problem.\n\nProject managers main responsibility is to get together his client by complete the project on schedule, within budget and specification. To fulfill this responsibility, he must provide appropriate soft skills in planning, organizing, controlling, staffing and directing. Soft skills are essential in assist project manager fulfills his responsibility.\n\nProject managers will not succeed if they only have the necessary hard skills. They also need the appropriate soft skills. These skills are termed soft because project managers rear end learn about them but quiet require large experience in their application before master them (Klien, 1992).\n\nHarrison (1983) stated that technical problems on a project can continuously be figure out given time and money, but people problems are much more strong if not unworkable to solve in the short sp maturefulnessliness span of a project. Thus in addition to his hard skills, a project manager m ust develop his soft skills if he is to be successful, as these are critical to project performance, which in candor is actually people performance.\n\nFrom these statements, we could hold the greatness of developing and mastering soft skills in order to succeed a project. As Thamhain H.J. (1991) said, In addition to good technical knowledge and administrative skills, this requires lead and people skills.\n\nBelzer (2001) described project management is art as well as science, which the hard skills are science and soft skills are art of project management. She even expressed that a greater piece of the puzzle for successful project delivery is soft skills. Without the appropriate soft skills, the likelihood of project success diminishes.\n\n even off with a ascendency of hard skills and a keen wiz of when to use them, a project will rarely be completely successful without the appropriate application of soft skills. So, a clear fellow observeing of the soft skills and the ability to apply these skills effectively throughout the life troll of a project will enhance the success of a project exponentially (Belzer, 2001).\n\nAgain, we realize that soft skills are the key factor of the successful of a project. save it does not mean that hard skills are not important. The thing that needfully to be kept in mind is that a person who has hard skills, will in no way ensure that his projects will be a success. On the other hand, a person with great soft skills will almost everlastingly end up with a successful project (Artt, 2001).\n\nA questionnaire survey on relative immensity of project manager skills for three sectors had conducted by El-Sabaa (1999). The result showed that soft (human) skill with a percentile off of 85.3% represented the most essential project manager skill compared with hard (technical) skill which scores 50.46% represented the least essential project manager skill.\n\nsolely the survey was conducted in Egypt and only based on thr ee sectors which are information system, electrical energy and agricultural. Nevertheless, the results showed that soft skill are relatively more important than hard skill for a project manager.\n\nAre Malaysian construction project managers also feel that soft skill is more important than hard skill in their project management practice? Or hard skill is more essential than soft skill? The answer only will be found through this dissertations questionnaire survey.\n\n4.2 growing PROJECT focusing SKILLS\n\nProject management skills do not vindicatory happens by chance but is systematically actual through starchy and in black-tie methods (Thamhain, 1991). People are not born with the skills needed. So do the project managers who need to develop the skills especially soft skills that needed to manage his project effectively. But most of soft skills are rarely taught beforehand.\n\nIn fact, within most organizations, including those before long practicing project management, a comp rehensive soft skill set for project managers is rarely taught at all. Pinto (1994) argued that most of the skills learned by project managers develop after they have been put in charge of a project. In order to develop the skills necessary to be an effective project manager, Gido (1999) pointed out the following ways: \n\nWork on as many projects as the project manager can. distributively project presents a learning fortune. Its helpful if the projects are not all the same. For example, if the project manager is a civil engineer and just worked on a school project. Then, he should look for an prospect to be designate to another type of project. Also, project manager should look for different assignment on each project. \n\nThe purpose of varying projects and assignments are exposed himself to as many other project managers, clients and other go through project people as possible. Each experience presents an opportunity to learn from other people.\n\nThe project manager could ask someone who has find anything he did and pass feedback or comment from that person. This could help him to mend any impuissance in his action.\n\n4.2.3 choose a Self-evaluation and Learn From Own Mistakes\n\nIf the project manager completed a project task but overrun the budget or were behind schedule, for example, ask himself what happened, what he could have through with(p) differently, and what he will do differently the next time.\n\n shoot to journals, or look up articles related to the skills that project manager want to develop. There are potty of articles on modify his skills. Also can ask other people if they know of any good books or articles on a specific topic; their second may save the time distinct for good materials.\n\nFor example, memberships in the Project Management Institute (PMI) will provide opportunities for project managers to participate in meetings and conferences with other people involved in project management.\n\n4.2.6 come in in preparati on Programs\n\nThere are plenty of seminars, workshops, pic and auditory sensationtapes, and self-study materials on all of the skills needed. There are even courses and seminars on the topic of project management. When participating in seminars, look for opportunities to learn from three sources: the instructors, the materials, and other participants.\n\n4.2.7 Interview the Project Manager Who Has the germane(predicate) Skills \n\nIf the project manager wants to develop leadership skills, for example, seek out project managers who he think are effective leaders. study them how they certain their skills and what suggestions they have. \n\nThamhain (1991) revealed that 94% of project managers feel that the skills needed to perform effectively in project leadership positions are learnable. He had found that 66% skills developments are derived from experiential learning while 20% comes from more specific work-related methods such as observations, formal on-the-job training, pep pill management coaching and job rotation.\n\nBesides that, 8% skills can be substantial by recital professional literature, such as books, magazines, journals and research papers, as well as audio and video tapes on related subjects. 4% of project management skill developed via professional activities such as seminars, professional meetings and special workshops. While 2% of managerial skill development consists of formal schooling. \n\nThe findings of Thamhain are 10 eld ago and just as a basis for comparing the effectiveness of various methods for developing project management skills. The real significance of his findings is that skills can be developed. In fact, project managers point to the enormous wealthiness of sources available for building and developing the skills needed to perform effectively in straightaways demanding project environment. \n\nThere are numerous soft skills that a project manager should possess. Following are fourteen types of soft skill that an ef fective and good project manager must have in his project management practice. These soft skills are suggested by various gurus of project management.\n\nThe effective project manager has a commitment to the training and development of people working on the project. He uses project as an opportunity to add value to each persons experience base so that the project team members are more knowledgeable \n\nand satisfactory at the end of the project than when they started it. He also should establish an environment where people can learn from the tasks they perform and the situations they experienced or detect (Gido, 1999).\n\nProject manager needs to be able to handle the tension that can arise from work situations. Stress is seeming to be high when a project is in risk of infection of not meeting its objective because of a cost overrun, a schedule delay, or changes in scope requested by the client. Project activities can get both tense and fervent at times (Gido, 1999).\n\nTo handle stress and break the tension, Gido suggested that project manager needs to have a good sense of humor. Also, project manager can improve his ability to handle stress by keeping physically fit through regular do and good nutrition, or organize stress relief activities for the project team such as a softball game, golf game outing or hiking trip.\n\nProject manager is the spokesperson for the project and he spends the absolute majority of his time communicating. Project manager holds meetings; report (orally as well as in writing) to the team, client, or elderberry bush management; comprehend to problems and solve problems. His success depends greatly on his ability to communicate. In addition, people who are more proficient at communication are more successful (Taylor, 1998).\n\n passage of arms is inherent in project as a result of the many decisions that must be do and the diversity of project team members. \n\nBesides has a complicated understanding and honed skills i n resolving conflicts, project manager must be able to manage the conflicts. Managed conflict on a project can lead to groundbreaking time and cost-salving solutions to problems. But the most difficult skill is ferreting out the existence of conflict as people are generally reluctant to bring it to the upper managements attention (Webster, 2000).\n\nAccording to Taylor (1998), conflict during a project life cycle stems from one of the following: project priorities, administrative procedures, technical trade-off, staffing, raise cost estimates, schedules and personalities.\n\nProject environment always surrounded with uncertainty and unexpected incidents. As stated by Gido (1999), even with the go around laid plans, projects are subject to out of the blue(predicate) events that can cause immediate turmoil. So, an effective project manager must be the person who is able to cope with invariably changing situations or conditions. He needs to remain represent and make sure that sc are and thwarting do not beset the project team, the client or the organizations upper management. He must not be panic; in snow he must remain fluent when unexpected events emerged. \n\nKlien R.L. (1992) stated that decision-making skills are abruptly essential for project manager. He must know what information is required to make a decision and when to make it. He must also be able to analyze the allude of his decision. Good decision-making cannot be make unless the elementary objectives and goals that are to be accomplished are known and understood. \n\n close also must be made in a timely manner to prevent delays in work that may impact the cost or schedule of the project.\n\nOberlender (1993) expressed that project manager should avoid crisis decisions, procrastination and cut and should encourage decision-making in team members. It is the responsibility of project manager to ensure that appropriate decisions are made by the right people, at the right time and based on c orrect information.\n\nThus, the project manager must ensure that the decision-making process is adequately documented, to permit timely review and filed for prospective reference in the event of changes or claims (Webster, 2000). \n\nGido (1999) defined mission involves empowering the project team to achieve the project objectives and empowering each team member to accomplish the expected results for his area of responsibility. It also includes giving team member the authority to make decisions and take actions to achieve the expected results.\n\nGido added that military mission is a must for an effective project manager. It is part of his responsibility for organizing the project. He is quiesce ultimately responsible for achieving the project results. Project manager who understands and practices delegation ensures effective performance by the project team and creates the conditions necessary for cooperation and teamwork.\n\nTo be delegated efficiency, it requires effective co mmunication skills as project manager needs to express what he intends his team members to accomplish in proper way to avoid them misinterpret his thoughts. \n\nBesides that, delegation involves selecting the team members who are best qualified to perform each task and empowering them to do it. So, the project manager needs to know the capabilities, capacity and limitations of each member in the project team (Gido, 1999).\n\nIn gaining the resources so necessary for successful project development and managing the delicate relationship between the project team and the organizations functional departments, political grasp and effective captivate tactics can be a project managers best tools. So, he must understand the nature of organizational government. To plainly dismiss politics as the province of the unsavory or amoral is naive and most likely prejudicial to the chances of the project team successfully implementing the project. Project manager must learn to signalize and dev elop the necessary connections and channels of wreak that can be so important for project success (Pinto, 1994).\n\nGood social skills are essential for a project manager. Such skills depend on good oral and indite communication skills. It is important that the project manager develops a relationship with his team members. He also should try to learn about the personal stakess of each team member without being intrusive. This requires the project manager making the time to have an informal conversation with each person on the project team, or look for areas of common interest with each individual (Gido, 1999).\n\nThe reason that project manager should acquire good interpersonal skills is to try to influence the thinking and actions of others as throughout the project, he will have to negotiate or persuade with various project people. \n\nAlso, good interpersonal skills alter project manager to deal with departure or divisiveness among team members.\n\nMaylor (1999) defined le adership involves the influencing of others through the personality or actions of the individual. The definition is therefore people-related. While Reiss (1995) stated that leadership can be defined by the need for a leader to define and achieve tasks (task needs); build up and organise a team (team needs); develop and satisfy the individual members (individual needs).\n\nIt could be said that leadership is getting things done through others; the project manager achieves results through the project team. Project leadership involves inspiring the people assigned to the project to work as a team to successfully implement the plan and achieve the project objectives. Project manager needs to create for the team a vision of the results and benefits of the project, so that team members will be more motivated to work as a team to complete the project successfully (Gido, 1999).\n\nTaylor (1998) expressed that there are two leadership extremes that are authoritarian or autocratic, which is more concerned with the tasks, and democratic or egalitarian, which is oriented towards relationships. Besides that, Gido also stated that effective project management requires a participative and consultive leadership style, in which the project manager provides counselor-at-law and coaching to the project team. \n\nNotwithstanding there are different leadership style, a project manager should develop his own leadership style which could assists him effectively organizing and managing his project team in order to successfully complete the project. \n\nThis greatly depends upon his experiences and personality, but most important is the characteristic of people he works with in the project.\n\nReiss (1995) described motivated people are productive and whoop it up their work. They achieve ecstasy from achieving or pains towards group objectives. But Reiss stated that project manager is not the factor that can motivate people. This is because people are naturally motivated and al l project managers can do is to understand their motivations and try to fit in with them.\n\nOberlender (1993) also stated that project manager must strive to identify the needs of the people who are involved in the project in order to effectively motivate them. Many time an awareness of a persons interests and science of their needs is a haughty step in understanding why they react to situations, and can lead to productive motivation. Oberlender added that good management recognizes the motivational needs of each member of the team and develops methods to improve the performance of people.\n\nThus, project manager must develop an effective method of motivating team members other than the traditional methods of advancement in title of respect or salary. This is because most project managers have no control over pay rates, so they must motivate by providing individual recognition and, most importantly, by challenging each team member with responsibilities and a chance to grow (O berlender, 1993).\n\nProject manager must have another soft skill, that of being an effective negotiators. He must compete with other project managers for scarce resources such as people, time, money, equipment or facilities. He also must fight to acquire what is necessary, providing why he must have the resources that he wants. \n\nSometimes the results may mean share resources, at other times taking them from another project (Klien, 1992).\n\nAgain, communication skill plays an important role in find out how effecti'